Reba: 148 Umwanditsi: Muhinduzi wurubuga Gutangaza Igihe: 2026-08-20 Inkomoko: Urubuga
Ubushuhe budasanzwe bwumuriro bufitanye isano nigihombo cyinjira muri transport ya cryogenic. Ndetse kwiyongera kugabanutse kumashanyarazi byihutisha kubyara Gazi (BOG), guhindura imitwaro yingirakamaro mumyanda ihumeka. Abashinzwe amato hamwe naba injeniyeri batanga amasoko bahura ningorabahizi mugihe bagenzura ibyo uruganda rukora bijyanye nibikorwa byimikorere. Sisitemu ya vacuum yangiritse, igishushanyo mbonera cyubushyuhe, cyangwa ibikoresho bya barrière byananiranye bikabangamira cyane kugumana imizigo n'umutekano wibikorwa. Ukeneye amakuru yizewe kugirango ufate ibyemezo byuzuye.
Inganda-isanzwe yubushyuhe bwo gupima ibipimo bitanga amakuru afatika asabwa mugusuzuma no gutondekanya umutungo utwara ibintu byinshi. Igeragezwa rya Static Evaporation Rate (SER), kwerekana imikorere ikora neza, hamwe nisesengura rya vacuum bitanga idirishya risobanutse mubuzima bwubushyuhe bwubwato. Gusobanukirwa ibi bipimo bituma abashoramari batandukanya ubuhanga buhanitse n’inganda zujuje ubuziranenge, byemeza inyungu ndende n’umutekano mu muhanda.
Ubushyuhe bwo kumeneka muri trailer ya LNG ya kirogenike bugereranywa cyane cyane binyuze mu kizamini cya Static Evaporation Rate (SER), gipima ingano ya gaze yahumutse mugihe cyagenwe mugihe cyagenwe.
Ubusugire bwa Vacuum nubwirinzi bwibanze bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe; guhora ukurikirana urwego rwa vacuum buri mwaka no gukoresha imiti ikoreshwa ningirakamaro kugirango umutungo wigihe kirekire ubeho.
Gusuzuma imikorere yubushyuhe bisaba gutandukanya ibisabwa bya kirogenike hamwe nubwikorezi busanzwe bwotswa igitutu (urugero, kugereranya ikamyo nini ya LNG yimodoka nini na trailer ya LPG idakingiwe).
Ibyemezo byamasoko bigomba gupima amafaranga yambere yakoreshejwe muma Multi-Layeri Super Insulation (MLSI) kurwanya ubuzima bwizigamire bwa BOG yagabanutse, kugabanya ibicuruzwa, no gutanga imitwaro myinshi.
Gazi itetse (BOG) yerekana uburyo bugaragara bwo kwinjiza ubushyuhe mubidukikije. Umwuka wa gazi usukuye ugomba kuguma kuri -162 ° C cyangwa kugirango ugumane amazi meza. Iyo ingufu zubushyuhe zo hanze zinjiye muri sisitemu yo kubitsa, yimurira mumazi yishyurwa. Imyitwarire ya termodinamike ya LNG itegeka ko ubu bushyuhe bwakiriwe butanga ubushyuhe bwihishwa bwumwuka ukenewe kugirango icyiciro gihinduke. Amazi abira, ahinduka gaze kandi yaguka byihuse mumwanya muto wimbere. Uku kwaguka ntabwo ari inzira gahoro gahoro; ipima ubukana hamwe nuduce duto duto twinshi.
Ingaruka zamafaranga yibisekuru bya BOG ni byinshi kandi byihuse. Buri kilo cyamazi yumuyaga yerekana igihombo cyibicuruzwa bidashobora kugarurwa mugihe cyo gutambuka. Byongeye kandi, uko gaze yegeranya, igitutu cyimbere kizamuka gahoro gahoro. Mugihe kinini cyo gutwara cyangwa igihe kinini cyo gutura kuri terminal, uyu muvuduko urashobora kurenga imipaka ntarengwa yemewe yimirimo yubutabazi. Ibi bikenera guhumeka neza mukirere kugirango wirinde kunanirwa kwamato. Venting isesagura ibicuruzwa kandi itangiza ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’umutekano. Ibikorwa bya kijyambere bigezweho byerekana ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana imikorere yubushyuhe, bisaba igipimo gito cyo guhumeka buri munsi kugirango habeho imitwaro myinshi hamwe na zero-venting windows.
Ubushyuhe bwinjira a cryogenic LNG tanker trailer ikoresheje uburyo butatu bwibanze. Imyitwarire ibaho binyuze mumubiri uhuza ibidukikije n'ibikoresho byimbere. Inkunga zubatswe, imiyoboro yimbere-yinyuma, imiyoboro yinkunga, hamwe na baffles imbere ikora nkibiraro byubushyuhe. Ba injeniyeri barwanya ibi bakoresheje ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe buke budasanzwe. Kurugero, Glass-Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) ibyubaka bitanga ubushyuhe buke cyane ugereranije nubushyuhe bwa gakondo. Gusimbuza ibyuma byijosi ryicyuma hamwe nibindi bisobanuro bigabanya cyane inzira yubushyuhe.
Convection ikubiyemo guhererekanya ubushyuhe binyuze mumazi, nk'umwuka cyangwa gaze. Imiyoboro ya Cryogenic ikuraho gazi-fase ya convective yoherejwe no gushyiraho icyuho kinini mumwanya wa buri mwaka hagati ya tanki y'imbere ninyuma. Kugumana iki cyuho kiri munsi ya 1 x 10 ^ -4 Torr yemeza ko mubyukuri nta molekile ya gaze ibaho kugirango itwarwe nubushyuhe. Niba icyuho cyangiritse, convective yohereza ubushyuhe bwihuse. Imirasire, ihererekanyabubasha binyuze mumashanyarazi ya electronique, iragabanywa hakoreshejwe inzitizi zigaragaza. Ibice byinshi (MLSI), bigizwe no guhinduranya ibice bibiri bya aluminiyumu ya Mylar na polyester spacer ibikoresho, byerekana neza ubushyuhe bukabije kure yubwato bwimbere. Umubare wibice hamwe nuburemere bwo gupfunyika byerekana neza imikorere yiyi ngabo.
Ikizamini cya Static Evaporation Rate (SER) gikora nk'igipimo ngenderwaho mu nganda zo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwaturutse mu gihe cyo gukora no gutangiza. Iyobowe nuburinganire bukomeye nka CGA 341 na EN 13530, ikizamini cya SER gitanga igipimo cyagenzuwe, gisubirwamo cyerekana ubushyuhe bwamato. Methodologiya isaba kubahiriza byimazeyo kugenzura ibidukikije kugirango amakuru yukuri. Amazi ya azote (LN2) asanzwe akoreshwa kubera umutekano wacyo hamwe na delta yubushyuhe busanzwe, bitanga umurongo ngenderwaho uhoraho wo kugereranya mubice bitandukanye byo gukora.
Gukora ikizamini gikwiye cya SER gikubiyemo urutonde rwibikorwa kugirango rwemeze ibisubizo byemewe:
Sukura icyombo cyimbere hamwe na gaze ya azote yumye kugirango ukureho ibidukikije kandi wirinde ko urubura ruba.
Uzuza icyombo cy'imbere mubushobozi bwageragejwe hamwe na azote yuzuye.
Emerera sisitemu kunyura mbere yo gukonjesha byibuze amasaha 24 kugirango ugere kuburinganire bwuzuye.
Funga ubwato hanyuma unyure kumurongo wa enterineti unyuze muri metero ya metero ya metero yumuriro.
Andika igihombo kinini cyangwa umuvuduko wa gazi ihumeka ubudasiba mugihe cyamasaha 24 kugeza 48.
Hindura amakuru yibanze kubidukikije bya barometrike hamwe nihindagurika ryubushyuhe bwanditswe mugihe cyidirishya ryikizamini.
Kubara igipimo cyuka cya buri munsi nkijanisha ryubushobozi bwa tank yose.
Ba injeniyeri bahindura aya makuru yikizamini cya LN2 muburyo bungana na LNG ibishishwa bakoresheje ibintu byahinduwe na termodinamike kugirango bahanure imikorere nyayo.
Mugihe SER itanga ibyingenzi bigenzurwa, Igipimo cya Dynamic Evaporation Rate (DER) cyerekana ibipimo nyabyo byisi. Ikigega gihagaze gifite imbaraga zubushyuhe butandukanye cyane nibinyabiziga bigenda. Kugenda kw'ibinyabiziga, kwihuta, gufata feri, no kunyeganyega kumuhanda bitera amazi gutembera muri tank. Uku gutemagura kumena urwego rwubushyuhe rusanzwe rusanzwe rwamazi ya kirogenike ihagaze, aho amazi ashyushye yicaye hejuru naho amazi akonje aguma hepfo.
Kumena iki cyiciro cyongera ubuso butose bwubuso bwimbere. Irerekana amazi akonje kugeza hejuru yubushyuhe buke hejuru yinkuta za tank hamwe nu mwanya wumwuka. Iyi mikoranire yihutisha ihererekanyabubasha hamwe na BOG ikurikiraho, akenshi ikubye kabiri igipimo cyuka ugereranije nikirere gihamye. Ababikora bashiraho urujijo rwimbere kugirango bagabanye ubushyuhe buterwa nubushyuhe. Izi nzitizi zigabanya umuvuduko wamazi, zigakomeza urwego kandi zigabanya umuvuduko wihuta wuka. Igishushanyo, gushyira, hamwe nubushyuhe bwamashyanyarazi ya baffles ningirakamaro zubuhanga.
Hanze yimiterere yuruganda, abashoramari bashingira kubuhanga bwo gupima ibikorwa mugihe cyo kubungabunga buri gihe kugirango barebe ubushuhe bukomeje. Kwipimisha Umuvuduko, cyangwa Uburyo bwafunze-Tank, bikubiyemo gufunga ikigega no gupima umuvuduko wumuvuduko wimbere mugihe. Muguharura impinduka zumuvuduko mugihe (dP / dt) ugereranije nubunini buzwi nurwego rwamazi, abatekinisiye barashobora kugereranya neza igipimo cyinjira mubushuhe badashyizemo gaze. Iki kizamini gikorwa kenshi mugihe cyateganijwe cyanyuma.
Igenzura ryangirika rya Vacuum ritanga ikindi gikoresho gikomeye cyo kwisuzumisha kubakanishi ba flet. Abatekinisiye bakoresha ibipimo bya Pirani cyangwa ibipimo bya termocouple kugirango basome urwego rwa vacuum ruva mumwanya wa buri mwaka ukoresheje indangagaciro zabugenewe. Gusoma vacuum itesha agaciro ikora nka proksi itaziguye kubuzima bwikingira. Niba vacuum yoroshye kuva 10 ^ -4 Torr kugeza 10 ^ -2 Torr, ihererekanyabubasha ryiyongera cyane. Ibi byerekana intege nke muri sisitemu yo kubika amashyuza, nka micro-yamenetse mu ikoti ryo hanze cyangwa gusohoka cyane, bisaba kubitaho byihuse no kuvoma vacuum.
Gusuzuma imikorere yubushyuhe bisaba kumva itandukaniro ritandukanye hagati ya cryogenic nibisabwa na transport isanzwe. Gutandukanya ubushyuhe bukabije busabwa ku bwato bwa kirogenike butandukanye cyane n’umuvuduko ukabije wa an Ikamyo ya LPG . Ubushyuhe bwo gupima protocole ya progaramu ya cryogenic irakomeye cyane kubera ko ubushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose butera ihinduka ryicyiciro no gutakaza ibicuruzwa bihoraho.
Ibinyuranye, bisanzwe LPG igice cyimodoka gikora kubushyuhe bwibidukikije. Mugihe ubushyuhe buturuka ku zuba bwongera umuvuduko wimbere, ntibitera impinduka yihuse, ikomeza icyiciro kigaragara muri transport ya LNG. Kubwibyo, idakingiwe gaze ya tank igice cyimodoka yibanda cyane cyane kubintu byumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nimbaraga zitanga umusaruro aho kuba ubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro. Kwipimisha protocole kuri ubwo bwato bishyira imbere igeragezwa ryumuvuduko wa hydrostatike kuruta kugenzura igipimo cyuka.
Ikiranga |
Cryogenic LNG Tanker Trailer |
LPG Tank Trailer / LPG Semi Trailer |
|---|---|---|
Gukoresha Temp |
-162 ° C. |
Ibidukikije (urugero, -40 kugeza 45 ° C) |
Kwikingira |
Umuvuduko mwinshi + MLSI |
Nta na kimwe (cyangwa izuba ryoroshye) |
Ubushyuhe bwo Kumeneka |
Guhindura icyiciro (BOG) |
Kotsa igitutu gusa |
Ibyingenzi |
Kwigunga |
Umuvuduko ukabije |
Multi-Layeri Super Insulation (MLSI) itanga ingufu zidasanzwe zidasanzwe hamwe nuburemere buke bwa tare, bikongerera ubushobozi bwo kwikorera abakoresha amato. Ariko, MLSI isaba icyuho cyimbitse cyane (munsi ya 10 ^ -4 Torr) kugirango ikomeze gukora neza. Ibikorwa byo gukora no gusana MLSI biragoye, bisaba ibidukikije byihariye byo gusukura ibyumba kugirango wirinde kwanduza amazi hagati ya Mylar. Nubwo inganda zigoye, umusaruro wibikorwa ushigikira cyane MLSI yo gutwara abantu igihe kirekire kubera kugumana imishahara myinshi hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gufata.
Perlite vacuum insulation yerekana igishoro cyambere gisabwa kandi kiranga igishushanyo gikomeye, cyoroshye. Perlite ni granular, siliceous yuzuza umwanya wumwaka, itanga insulasiyo hamwe ninkunga yimiterere. Nyamara, perlite irashobora cyane gutuzwa mugihe runaka kubera guhora kumuhanda uhindagurika hamwe na chassis flex. Uku gutuza kurema ubushuhe bwumuriro, cyangwa ahantu hashyushye udashyushye, hejuru yikigega, byongera cyane ubushyuhe. Abakoresha bagomba gupima ishoramari ryo hasi rya perlite ugereranije nigihe kirekire cyo kubungabunga, gutakaza umushahara, hamwe nigihano kiremereye.
Kugumana icyuho cyimbitse kumyaka 10 kugeza 15 yubuzima bwumutungo bisaba uburyo bukomeye bwo kubungabunga. Ababikora barimo imiti 'ibona, ' mubisanzwe ibice bishingiye kuri palladium, amashanyarazi ya molekile, cyangwa imvange ya oxyde ya oxyde, ishyizwe mubikorwa mumwanya wa buri mwaka. Ibyo byuma bikora imirimo ikomeye ya pompe yamashanyarazi idashobora kwigana iyo ubwato bumaze gufungwa.
Nyuma yigihe, urukuta rwicyuma rwimbere ninyuma rusohoka buhoro buhoro hydrogène, monoxyde de carbone, hamwe nubushuhe bwumutego wafatiwe muri matrise yicyuma. Hatabayeho gutabara, izo molekile zirenze urugero zatesha agaciro icyuho. Imiti ivura imiti ikurura hydrogène hamwe nubushuhe burenze, ikabihuza muburyo bwa molekile. Uku kwinjirira ubudahwema kurinda icyuho cyimbitse gikenewe kugirango hirindwe ubushyuhe bwa convective, bituma ubwato bugumana SER yagenwe n’uruganda imyaka myinshi.
Inyungu ya Lifecycle iterwa cyane no kugabanya igihombo cyibicuruzwa mugihe cyo gutambuka no gutambuka. Ugomba gusesengura ibicuruzwa hagati yo gushora imari muri premium insulation hamwe no kuzigama kubikorwa byagaragaye mugihe runaka. Ishoramari ryambere ryambere murwego rwo hejuru Ikamyo ya LNG ifite ibikoresho bya MLSI itanga umusaruro ushimishije binyuze mu kugabanya ibicuruzwa no kugabanya tanki kenshi. Buri gallon ya LNG yakijijwe no guhumeka ijya kumurongo wo hasi.
Kubara ingaruka zigihe kirekire cyamafaranga bikubiyemo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa biva mu kirere byakozwe nigihe cyigihe cyo gutegereza nigihe cyo gutegereza. Ubwato buguruka kenshi kubera imikorere mibi yubushyuhe bwangiza vuba inyungu. Byongeye kandi, guhumeka birenze urugero bigenzura igenzurwa hamwe nibihano bishobora gutangwa kuri terefone. Gushora imari murwego rwohejuru rwumuriro byemeza ko ibicuruzwa byinshi bigera aho bigeze neza kandi byunguka.
Ibipimo mpuzamahanga, harimo ADR, DOT, na ASME Igice cya XII, bigenga byimazeyo igitutu ntarengwa cyemewe cyakazi (MAWP) hamwe no kwinjiza imipaka yo gutwara ibintu. Ibipimo bifatika byerekana ubushyuhe byemeza kubahiriza aya mabwiriza akomeye y’umutekano. Igihe cyo gufata-igihe ubwato bwa kirogenike bushobora kuguma mu bihe byo gutwara abantu nta guhumeka - bigenwa neza n’igipimo cy’ubushyuhe n’ubushyuhe bwa mbere bwo gupakira.
Amakuru yukuri ya SER yemerera abashoramari kubara neza igihe-cyo gufata ibintu bitandukanye nibidukikije. Kurenza ibyo byateganijwe bishobora guhura n’umuvuduko ukabije no gutabara byihutirwa, binyuranyije n’amabwiriza yo gutwara abantu kandi bigatera umutekano muke mu mihanda nyabagendwa. Kugumana ubusugire bwumuriro ntabwo aribyo byifuzo byubukungu gusa; ni itegeko rikomeye ryubahirizwa ninzego zishinzwe gutwara abantu ku isi.
Ubushyuhe bukabije bw’ibidukikije, cyane cyane mu gihe cyizuba cyanyuze mu kirere cy’ubutayu, bigira ingaruka cyane ku itandukaniro ry’ubushyuhe (delta-T) hagati y’imitwaro ya kirogenike n'ibidukikije. Delta nini-T yihutisha umuvuduko wubushyuhe unyuze kuri bariyeri. Abakoresha bagomba kubara ibihe byimihindagurikire yigihe mugihe bategura inzira, kubara ibiteganijwe gufata-igihe, no kugena urwego rwuzuye.
Inzira ya topografiya hamwe nigihe cyo gutambuka nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumashanyarazi. Inzira zo mumisozi zisaba kwihuta kenshi, gufata feri iremereye, no kuguruka gukabije, kongera umuvuduko wamazi no gutwara DER. Igihe kinini cyo gutambuka gisanzwe cyemerera ubushyuhe bwinshi kwinjira mu bwato, hatitawe ku bwiza bw’ubwishingizi. Porogaramu itegura inzira igomba gushiramo izo mpinduka zingirakamaro, igahindura izamuka ryumuvuduko uteganijwe hashingiwe kubutaka bwihariye kugirango umutekano utangwe neza.
Kunyeganyega kumuhanda, ingaruka za pothole, hamwe na chassis flex bigira imbaraga zihoraho kumashanyarazi kumiterere yimiterere yubwato bwimbere. Ibirometero birenga ibihumbi, iyi mihangayiko isubirwamo irashobora kwinjiza mikorobe mu miyoboro ya GFRP cyangwa igatera guhuza imiterere. Ihinduka rishobora guhagarika ibice bya MLSI, bigakora ibiraro bishya byubushyuhe byuzuza insulation burundu.
Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, guhangayikishwa nubukanishi bishobora guteza mikorobe mu ikoti yo hanze, cyane cyane ku cyuma gisudira, imiyoboro yinjira, hamwe na valve manifolds. Ndetse na microscopique yamenetse ituma umwuka wibidukikije winjira mumwanya wa buri mwaka. Ibi biganisha ku kwangirika kwa vacuum byihuse, ubukonje bukonja mu mitsi yimbere, hamwe nigitero kinini nyuma yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe bwa convective. Igenzura ryimiterere nubugenzuzi bwa vacuum nibyingenzi kugirango bikemuke hakiri kare.
Ikibazo gikomeye mumasoko ni ukuvumbura itandukaniro riri hagati yikizamini cya SER yikizamini nigikorwa nyacyo-isi ikora. Ababikora barashobora kwipimisha mubihe byiza, bigenzurwa nikirere bitagaragaza imikoreshereze mibi yumuhanda. Kugira ngo ugabanye ibi byago, saba kwigenga, igice cya gatatu cyemeza ibizamini byose bya SER. Ibigo nka Lloyd's Register, DNV, cyangwa ABS birashobora guhamya no kugenzura niba amakuru ari ukuri. Byongeye kandi, saba amakuru ayo ari yo yose aboneka ku gipimo cyo guhumeka (DER) cyangwa icyitegererezo cyerekana uburyo bwo kumva uburyo ubwato bukora.
Kwihanganira gukora nabi birashobora gukora ibiraro byumuriro byegereye izenguruka rwose. Gusudira kutujuje ubuziranenge, gushyira bidakwiye inkunga yimbere, cyangwa gupfunyika uburangare bwa MLSI bibangamira sisitemu yubushyuhe yose. Kugabanya ibi usaba amashusho yumuriro cyangwa infrarafrike ya termografi ya jacket yo hanze mugihe cyo gupima ubukonje. Iri genzura rizabona ahantu hakonje kuri jacket yo hanze, igufasha kumenya no gukuraho ibiraro byumuriro byaho mbere yo gufata imitungo. Gutegeka helium mass spectrometry kumeneka kumasaka yose ya vacuum.
Gutakaza buhoro buhoro icyuho hejuru yubuzima bwumutungo biganisha kumurongo wa BOG utemewe kandi bigabanya inyungu. Shyira mu bikorwa ibyangombwa bisabwa kugirango amasoko agenzurwe neza, ibyuka bya vacuum-jackettes, hamwe nicyambu gisanzwe. Tegeka gahunda isanzwe ya vacuum gukuramo gahunda yo kubungabunga amasezerano yawe ya serivisi. Menya neza ko ibikoresho byawe byo kubungabunga bifite pompe zidasanzwe zo gukwirakwiza vacuum zisabwa kugirango ugarure umwanya wumwaka kugirango umuvuduko mwiza mubuzima bwubwato bukore.
Gupima neza no kugenzura ubushyuhe bwaturutse hakoreshejwe ibizamini bya SER bikomeje kutaganirwaho kugirango habeho umutekano n’inyungu z'umutungo wo gutwara ibintu. Kwishingikiriza kumikorere yubushyuhe yerekana ibicuruzwa byawe gutakaza ibicuruzwa bitari ngombwa, kwambara byihuse, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye zo kugenzura. Shyira imbere inganda zitanga amakuru ya SER mu mucyo, mugice cya gatatu cyagenzuwe na SER, gukoresha MLSI igezweho kuburemere bwiza bwa tare, gushiramo imashini zifite imiti myinshi, no kwerekana ubwubatsi bukomeye bwimbere.
Kugenzura ibiciro byawe bya BOG nibiciro byizamuka kugirango ushireho umurongo ngenderwaho wimikorere yubushyuhe.
Saba impapuro zirambuye zerekana ubushyuhe, harimo ubwoko bwibikoresho bya seriveri hamwe nagatatu ka SER ibyemezo, uhereye kubashobora kugurisha bose.
Gushiraho ibyingenzi bikenerwa byo kugumana vacuum na gahunda iteganijwe yo kumanura amasezerano kumasoko mashya.
Shyira mubikorwa bisanzwe bigenzura amashusho yubushyuhe hamwe na Pirani gauge igenzura mugihe cyigihe cyo kubungabunga kugirango umenye ibimenyetso byambere byo kwangirika.
Igisubizo: Inganda zisanzwe ziri hagati ya 0.15% na 0,30% kumunsi kugirango ibizamini bya azote bihwanye. Iki gipimo kiratandukanye ukurikije ubwoko bwokwirinda (MLSI na perlite), ubushobozi bwikigega cyose, hamwe nigihe ntarengwa cyo gufata gisabwa namabwiriza yo gutwara abantu mukarere.
Igisubizo: Ikizamini cya SER gikubiyemo kuzuza ikigega cyimbere amazi ya kirogenike (nka LN2), kwemerera sisitemu kugera kuburinganire bwumuriro mugihe cyamasaha 24, hanyuma igapima neza ingano ya gaze ihumeka mugihe cyagenwe (mubisanzwe amasaha 24-48) kugirango ibare ijanisha ryuka rya buri munsi.
Igisubizo: Icyuho cyimbitse mumwanya wa buri mwaka gikuraho molekile ya gaze, bityo bikabuza kohereza ubushyuhe bwa convective. Hatabayeho iki cyuho, ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bwahita bwimukira mu bwato bwimbere, bigatera ibibyimba byinshi kandi bikabije.
Igisubizo: Ibikoresho bya chimique nibikoresho bifatika bishyirwa mumwanya wa vacu. Bakoresha imiti ya hydrogène hamwe nubushuhe bugenda busohoka buhoro buhoro kuva kurukuta rwicyuma mugihe, bikarinda icyuho cyinshi gisabwa kugirango umuntu yiherereye.
Igisubizo. Iyi mikoranire yihutisha ihererekanyabubasha kandi ikongera igipimo cya Dynamic Evaporation Rate (DER) mugihe cyo gutambuka.
